Overview
Coiled among dry leaves, grass or broken ground, the puff adder can disappear almost completely into its surroundings. Rather than chasing prey, this heavy-bodied viper relies on camouflage, patience and an exceptionally rapid strike.
Puff adders are widespread across Tanzania and much of sub-Saharan Africa. They occupy grassland, savannah, woodland and rocky country, often remaining motionless when danger approaches. This defensive strategy works well against natural predators, but it also increases the risk of people accidentally stepping close to one.
Although highly venomous, puff adders do not actively pursue humans. When disturbed, they usually remain still, retreat if possible or produce a loud warning hiss. A cornered snake can strike suddenly and repeatedly, so it should always be given plenty of space.
Behaviour & How to Identify
Look for a thick, broad-bodied snake with a large triangular head, strongly keeled scales and a short tail. Its colouring varies from sandy yellow and reddish brown to grey or dark brown, patterned with a series of pale-edged chevrons or curved bands along the back.
Puff adders are mainly ambush predators. They may remain in one position for hours or even days, waiting for a rodent, bird, frog or other small animal to pass within striking distance. Once prey approaches, the snake launches forwards with remarkable speed before releasing it and following the scent trail.
The name comes from the loud, forceful hissing or “puffing” sound produced when the snake feels threatened. It may inflate its body and coil into an S-shaped position before striking. Its venom causes severe pain, swelling and tissue injury, and can also affect blood clotting and circulation. Any suspected bite is a medical emergency requiring urgent hospital treatment.
Interesting facts
They may wait motionless for extremely long periods. Their camouflage and patient hunting strategy allow prey to approach without noticing them.
Their warning hiss gives the species its name. A threatened puff adder inflates its body and releases air in a loud, repeated puffing sound.
They give birth to live young. Puff adders can produce unusually large litters, although exceptionally high numbers are rare.